Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

Current pain therapeutics offer inadequate relief to patients with chronic pain. A growing
literature supports that pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling between immune, glial, and …

Chronic pain is a refractory health disease worldwide causing an enormous economic
burden on individuals and society. Accumulating evidence suggests that inflammation in the …

Neuroinflammation is a proinflammatory cytokine-mediated process that can be provoked by
systemic tissue injury but it is most often associated with direct injury to the nervous system …

Intractable neuropathic pain is a frequent consequence of nerve injury or disease. When
peripheral nerves are injured, damaged axons undergo Wallerian degeneration. Schwann …

Neuropathic pain is a common and debilitating modality of chronic pain induced by a lesion
or disease of the somatosensory nervous system. Albeit the elucidation of numerous …

During neuropathic pain, glial cells (mainly astrocytes and microglia) become activated and
initiate a series of signaling cascades that modulate pain processing at both spinal and …

Management of chronic pain is a real challenge, and current treatments that focus on
blocking neurotransmission in the pain pathway have resulted in limited success. Activation …

Introduction: Current pharmacotherapeutics for neuropathic pain offer only symptomatic
relief without treating the underlying pathophysiology. Additionally, they are associated with …

One area that has emerged as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment and
prevention of chronic pain and opioid tolerance/hyperalgesia is the modulation of the central …