Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone
loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis …

It is well-established that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) is the inducer of
physiological osteoclast differentiation. However, the specific drivers and mechanisms …

The tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family has been one of the most intensively studied families
of proteins in the past two decades. The TNF family constitutes 19 members that mediate …

Maintenance of skeletal integrity requires the coordinated activity of multinucleated bone-
resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts. Osteoclasts form resorption lacunae on …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine with a profound role in many
skeletal diseases. The cytokine has been described as a mediator of bone loss in osteolysis …

Chronic inflammatory bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease and
aseptic periprosthetic osteolysis, are characterized by bone loss around affected joints and …

Cytokines secreted by T cells play a pivotal role in inflammatory bone destruction. Tumor
necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) is a major proinflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages …

Osteoimmunology peeks into the interaction of bone and the immune system, which has
largely proved to be a multiplex reaction. Osteocytes have been shown to regulate bone …

Cytokines, including receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) and TNF, induce
increased osteoclast (OC) formation and bone loss in postmenopausal osteoporosis and …

Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells formed mainly on bone surfaces in response to
cytokines by fusion of bone marrow-derived myeloid lineage precursors that circulate in the …