Aims Early life stress contributes to the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders and chronic
pain in adult patients. However, information about the effect of early life stress on chronic …

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) serves as a neuromodulator in the hypothalamic-
pituitary-adrenal axis, playing an essential role in depression, anxiety, and pain regulation …

Background cAMP response element binding protein (CREB)-dependent gene expression
plays an important role in central sensitization. CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play important roles as second messengers and contribute
to synaptic transmission. In this study, we examined ROS-mediated intracellular pain …

Background. Neuropathic pain is a debilitating disease with few effective treatments.
Emerging evidence indicates the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative …

Peripheral inflammation or nerve injury results in changes in the spinal cord, initiating a
process of central sensitization. Although nociceptive Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) …

Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment involves the pulsed application of a radiofrequency
electric field to a nerve. The technology offers pain relief for patients suffering from chronic …

Objective To explore the differential expression of genes between wild-type chronic
compressive injury (CCI) mice (WT-CCI) and interferon regulatory factors 4 (IRF4) knockout …

Tibia fracture in rats initiates a cascade of nociceptive, vascular, and bone changes
resembling complex regional pain syndrome type I (CRPS I). Previous studies suggest that …

Background. Pulsed radiofrequency (PRF) treatment offers pain relief for patients suffering
from chronic pain who do not respond well to conventional treatments. We tested whether …