Early life history stages of marine organisms are generally thought to be more sensitive to
environmental stress than adults. Although most marine invertebrates are broadcast …

Ocean acidification can severely affect bivalve molluscs, especially their shell calcification.
Assessing the fate of this vulnerable group in a rapidly acidifying ocean is therefore a …

Our understanding of the effects of ocean acidification on whole organism function is
growing, but most current information is for adult stages of development. Here, we show the …

Ocean acidification, characterized by elevated partial pressure of CO 2 (pCO 2), generally
has negative effects on early life stages of invertebrates. We tested the idea that fertilization …

Ocean acidification, characterized by elevated pCO2 and the associated decreases in
seawater pH and calcium carbonate saturation state (Ω), has a variable impact on the …

During their reproductive period, females of Crepipatella dilatata deposit their embryos in
capsules that they then brood in the pallial cavity until juveniles emerge several weeks later …

As a result of high anthropogenic CO 2 emissions, the concentration of CO 2 in the oceans
has increased, causing a decrease in pH, known as ocean acidification (OA). Numerous …

Over the next century, elevated quantities of atmospheric CO 2 are expected to penetrate
into the oceans, causing a reduction in pH (− 0.3/− 0.4 pH unit in the surface ocean) and in …

Encapsulation is a common strategy among marine invertebrate species. It has been shown
that oxygen and food availability independently constrain embryo development during …

Females of the calyptraeid gastropod Crepipatella fecunda enclose their fertilized eggs in
thin-walled egg capsules. They then brood these capsules for at least several weeks in the …