B cells produce high-affinity immunoglobulins (Igs), or antibodies, to eliminate foreign
pathogens. Mature, naïve B cells expressing an antigen-specific cell surface Ig, or B cell …

Antigen-dependent engagement of germinal center (GC) B cell receptors (BCRs) promotes
antigen internalization and presentation for follicular helper T cells. However, whether BCR …

B-cell development is characterized by a number of tightly regulated selection processes.
Signals through the B-cell receptor (BCR) guide and are required for B-cell maturation …

Protective antibody responses to vaccination or infection depend on affinity maturation, a
process by which high-affinity germinal center (GC) B cells are selected on the basis of their …

Germinal centers (GCs) are sites of B cell clonal expansion, diversification, and antibody
affinity selection. This process is limited and directed by T follicular helper cells that provide …

T follicular helper cells (Tfh cells) localize to follicles where they provide growth and
selection signals to mutated germinal center (GC) B cells, thus promoting their differentiation …

B cell immune responses initiate after recognition of foreign or self antigen, often but not
always in the context of an innate immune stimulus (eg, due to infection) or adjuvant (as in a …

The germinal center (GC) reaction begins with a diverse and expanded group of B cell
clones bearing a wide range of antibody affinities. During GC colonization, B cells engage in …

Diverse B cell responses are important for generating antibody‐mediated protection against
highly variable pathogens. While some antigens can trigger T‐independent B cell …

Antigen uptake and presentation by naive and germinal center (GC) B cells are different,
with the former expressing even low-affinity BCRs efficiently capture and present sufficient …