Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognise specific molecular signatures of pathogens and trigger
antimicrobial defence responses. Thereby, two independent signalling pathways can be …

Inflammation is set off when innate immune cells detect infection or tissue injury. Tight
control of the severity, duration, and location of inflammation is an absolute requirement for …

Studies that bridge innate immunity and various diseases are making rapid advances.
Macrophages and dendritic cells play a leading role in innate immunity, using pattern …

Abstract Sepsis remains the most common cause of death in intensive care units in the USA,
with a current estimate of at least 750,000 cases per year, and 215,000 deaths annually …

Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel single-stranded RNA beta-
coronavirus called severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)[1] …

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel severe acute
respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an ongoing major threat to global …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of proteins that recognize pathogen-associated
molecular patterns (PAMPs) and damaged-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), and …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors, which are activated by
foreign and host molecules in order to initiate the immune response. They play a crucial role …

Abstract Human Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of transmembrane receptors, which
play a key role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Beside of recognizing …

Purpose Although the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in bacterial infection and sepsis is
well characterized, recent studies have also shown that TLR4 and TLR2 can play an …