Microorganisms form symbiotic partnerships with eukaryotes that span all evolutionary
stages, from simple amoebae through to humans. The term symbiosis originates from the …

The concept of symbiosis–defined in 1879 by de Bary as 'the living together of unlike
organisms'–has a rich and convoluted history in biology. In part, because it questioned the …

The large extent to which microorganisms have influenced the evolution of life on our planet
is unquestionable. These unseen players have been appreciated for their role in health and …

Microbial associations are integral to all eukaryotes. Mutualism, the interaction of two
species for the benefit of both, is an important aspect of microbial associations, with …

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The study of symbiosis is quintessential systems biology. It integrates not only all levels of
biological analysis—from molecular to ecological—but also the study of the interplay …

We are in the midst of a revolution. It is a scientific revolution built upon the tools of
molecular biology, with which we probe and prod the living world in ways unimaginable a …

The recent development and application of molecular genetics to the symbionts of
invertebrate animal species have advanced our knowledge of the biochemical …

Like all interactions, the success of cross-discipline collaborations relies on effective
communication. Ecology offers theoretical frameworks and lexicons to study microbiomes …

Symbiotic interactions between eukaryotes and prokaryotes are widespread in nature. Here
we offer a conceptual framework to study the evolutionary origins and ecological …