Multivalent molecules with repetitive structures including bacterial capsular polysaccharides
and viral capsids elicit antibody responses through B cell receptor (BCR) crosslinking in the …

Although all multicellular organisms have germ line–encoded innate receptors to sense
pathogen-associated molecular patterns, vertebrates also evolved adaptive immunity based …

INTRODUCTION Inducing protective antibodies is a key goal in HIV-1 vaccine development.
In acute HIV-1 infection, the dominant initial plasma antibody response is to the gp41 …

Another pivotal step is breakdown in Tolllike receptor discrimination between microbial and
self–nucleic acids, which occurs not only in B cells but also in collaborating dendritic cells of …

The pathogen recognition theory dictates that, upon viral infection, the innate immune
system first detects microbial products and then responds by providing instructions to …

INTRODUCTION Antibody function is often considered static and mostly determined by
isotype and subclass. The conserved N-linked glycan at position 297 in the Fc domain of …

THE induction of autoantibodies and their possible role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune
disease are poorly understood. Involvement of infectious agents has been suspected, but …

These functional limitations are also suggested by the apparent absence of vitiligo in the
treated patients, which is surprising because antimelanoma efficacy is often accompanied …

When intracellular pathogens invade mammalian hosts, naïve CD8+ T cells differentiate
into cytotoxic killers, which lyse infected target cells and secrete cytokines that activate …

Multivalent viral epitopes induce rapid, robust and T cell-independent humoral immune
responses, but the biochemical basis for such potency remains incompletely understood …