Assays that detect antiretroviral drug resistance in human immunodeficiency virus have
recently become available to clinicians. Phenotypic assays measure the drug susceptibility …

Antiretroviral resistance testing should be performed in newly diagnosed patients with acute
or recent HIV infection and at the time of treatment failure, and there is growing support for …

HIV resistance to antiretroviral agents is a major contributory cause of treatment failure. The
dynamics of HIV replication, together with patient-, physician-, and drug-related factors, lead …

Objectives.—To review current knowledge of the biology and clinical implications of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to antiretroviral drugs, describe assays for …

While antiretroviral drugs, those approved for clinical use and others under evaluation,
attempt in lowering viral load and boost the host immune system, antiretroviral drug …

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 drug-resistance testing is quickly moving from
the research laboratory to the clinic as data defining its utility as a prognostic indicator of …

Phenotypic and genotypic resistance assays—methods to measure the susceptibility of HIV
to drug therapy—are becoming widely available to clinicians for use in aiding long-term …

Data from retrospective and prospective studies support use of genotypic and phenotypic
resistance assays to guide treatment changes when initial or subsequent antiretroviral …

New information about the benefits and limitations of testing for resistance to human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 (HIV-1) drugs has emerged. The International AIDS …

HIV drug resistance is one of the major limitations in the successful treatment of HIV-infected
patients using currently available antiretroviral combination therapies. When appropriate …