Background Diseases diagnosed in adulthood may have antecedents throughout–including
prenatal–life. Gaining a better understanding of how exposures at different stages in the …

Diseases diagnosed in adulthood may have antecedents throughout (including prenatal)
life. Gaining a better understanding of how exposures at different stages in the lifecourse …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is a method of studying the causal effect of a modifiable
exposure on a particular outcome, principally one relevant to disease. Since the first edition …

Background Mendelian randomisation (MR) designs apply instrumental variable techniques
using genetic variants to study causal effects. MR is increasingly used to evaluate the role of …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is used to answer a variety of epidemiologic questions. One
stated advantage of MR is that it estimates a “lifetime effect” of exposure, though this term …

Mendelian randomization (MR) has been increasingly used to interrogate the causal effects
of modifiable risk factors on human health and disease over the last 15 years. As MR …

Mendelian randomization (MR) is becoming a popular approach to estimate the causal
effect of an exposure on an outcome overcoming limitations of observational epidemiology …

Background Mendelian randomization (MR) is a powerful tool in epidemiology that can be
used to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome in the presence of …

Estimates from conventional Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses can be biased when
the genetic variants proposed as instruments vary over age in their relationship with the …

Mendelian randomization (MR) can be variously dated as 67, 1 33, 2 28 3 or 16 4 (amongst
others) years old. It is clear that in recent times there has been an exponential increase in …