Disorders of acid-base balance are commonly encountered in clinical practice and can have
a substantial impact on the prognosis of the patient. Moreover, identification of a particular …

Simple relationships that hold during compensation for metabolic or respiratory acid-base
disturbances have been emphasized. When considered by the physician, they should allow …

Diagnosis and management of acid-base disorders ranks high among the medical problems
that intimidate many physicians. In practice, acid-base disorders can be approached very …

Acid-base disorders are ubiquitous in the practice of medicine. The clinician can avoid
contact with them only by a good understanding of their pathophysiology or by pursuing a …

MAINTENANCE of the pH of body fluids within a narrow normal range is accomplished by
an elaborate system involving the action of body buffers, alterations in the rate and volume …

Acid–base disorders are common in pediatric patients. We present a simple methodology for
assessing both simple and complex acid–base disorders that is applicable to patients of all …

Mixed acid-base disturbances, defined as the simultaneous presence of two or more acid-
base disorders, are commonly observed in hospitalized patients, especially those in critical …

A step-wise systematic approach can be used to determine the etiology and proper
management of acid-base disorders. The objectives of this article are to:(1) discuss the …

The final diagnosis of acid-base perturbations relies on laboratory analyses. The major
direct tools of assessment are arterial pH and PCO2 and serum electrolytes. From these …

The accurate interpretation of laboratory tests in patients with acid-base disorders is critical
for understanding pathophysiology, making a diagnosis, planning effective treatment and …