Abstract Purpose of Review Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is associated with an increased risk of
diabetic kidney disease (DKD), cardiovascular disease, and heart failure, in part through …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) represents a major
public health issue; it develops in about 30%–40% of patients with diabetes mellitus and is …

Diabetic nephropathy is defined as a decline in the renal function and an increase in the
amount of albuminuria (> 300 mg/day). The interruption of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone …

Background: A full understanding of the mechanisms of action of aldosterone and its
interaction with the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) allows a theoretical framework to predict …

Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) develops in∼ 40% of patients with diabetes and is the most
common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) worldwide. Patients with CKD, especially …

Introduction: The mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) spironolactone and
eplerenone reduce the risk of hospitalizations and mortality in patients with heart failure (HF) …

MRAs have a clear role in reducing albuminuria when used with other renin–angiotensin
system blockers in DKD; however, hyperkalemia limits their use. This article provides an …

Background: The non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are
promising treatments in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes …

Abstract Background: Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) protect cardiorenal
function by robust anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic functions beyond classical functions of …

Abstract Purpose of Review We aim to review the mechanism of action and safety profile of
mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) and discuss the differences between …