Purpose: Like cancer cells, photoreceptor cells produce lactate aerobically, requiring lactate
dehydrogenase A (LDH-A). Cancer cells also use glycolytic intermediates for biosynthesis …

One hundred years ago, Otto Heinrich Warburg observed that postmitotic retinal cells are the
highest oxygen-consuming cells in the body. He compared these cells to actively growing …

The main therapeutic goal for diabetic retinopathy (DR) is to prevent vision loss in patients
with diabetes mellitus. Identifying the visual complications at a preclinical juncture will offer …

Abstract Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) is a glycolytic enzyme that is expressed in cancer cells.
Its role in tumor metabolism is not definitively established, but investigators have suggested …

The tumor form of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and
gives rise to the Warburg effect. The Warburg effect defines a pro-oncogenic metabolism …

Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2), a key glycolytic enzyme, which is involved in ATP
generation and pyruvate production, participates in tumor metabolism, growth, and other …

Glucose metabolism is a mechanism by which energy is produced in form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) by mitochondria and precursor metabolites are supplied to enable the …

Purpose The homeostatic regulation of cellular ATP is achieved by the coordinated activity
of ATP utilization, synthesis, and buffering. Glucose is the major substrate for ATP synthesis …

The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase is expressed preferentially in cancer cells over other
pyruvate kinase isoforms. PKM2 is unique in its ability to be regulated allosterically by …

The tumor form of pyruvate kinase M2 has been suggested to promote cellular anabolism by
redirecting the metabolism to cause accumulation of glycolytic intermediates and increasing …