Proper functioning of complex phenotypes requires that multiple traits work together.
Examination of relationships among traits within and between complex characters and how …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Biological systems, from molecular complexes to whole organisms and ecological
interactions, tend to have a modular organization. Modules are sets of traits that are …

Phenotypic integration refers to the study of complex patterns of covariation among
functionally related traits in a given organism. It has been investigated throughout the 20th …

A new voice in the nature-nurture debate can be heard at the interface between evolution
and development. Phenotypic integration--or, how large numbers of characteristics are …

The interrelationships among phenotypic traits of plants has been of interest to plant
evolutionary biologists for almost a century. Broadly defined, phenotypic integration refers to …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …

Emerging concepts in developmental biology, such as facilitated variation and dynamical
patterning modules, address a major shortcoming of the Modern Synthesis in Biology: how …

A major focus of evolutionary developmental (evo‐devo) studies is to determine the genetic
basis of variation in organismal form and function, both of which are fundamental to …

This chapter discusses the developmental origins and evolutionary implications of
covariation between traits. These are important factors influencing the evolutionary potential …