SUMMARY CRISPR-Cas systems have been engineered as powerful tools to control gene
expression in bacteria. The most common strategy relies on the use of Cas effectors …

CRISPR interference (CRISPRi) and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) have become
ubiquitous approaches to control gene expression in bacteria due to their simple design and …

ABSTRACT CRISPR‐Cas systems have rapidly transitioned from intriguing prokaryotic
defense systems to powerful and versatile biomolecular tools. This article reviews how these …

Highlights•Cas9 provides a powerful counter-selection tool for genome editing in
bacteria.•CRISPRi is a versatile method for repressing gene expression.•With further …

Programmable gene activation enables fine‐tuned regulation of endogenous and synthetic
gene circuits to control cellular behavior. While CRISPR‐Cas‐mediated gene activation has …

CRISPR–Cas activator (CRISPRa) systems that selectively turn on transcription of a target
gene are a potentially transformative technology for programming cellular function. While in …

Highlights•CRISPR screens enable the investigation of gene function in high-
throughput.•CRISPR screens can be performed on bacteria or host cells.•Cas9 and dCas9 …

Highlights•Bacterial CRISPR approaches are used for gene editing, repression, and
activation.•CRISPRi, which blocks transcription of targeted genes, is the main bacterial …

Throughout the decades of its history, the advances in bacteria-based bio-industries have
coincided with great leaps in strain engineering technologies. Recently unveiled clustered …

Highlights•CRISPR-Cas systems are adaptive immune systems present in bacteria and
archaea.•Cas9 in complex with guide RNAs can localize to specific DNA sequences.•Cas9 …