Abstract Purpose of Review Sex hormones drive development and function of reproductive
organs or the development of secondary sex characteristics but their effects on the …

Great progress has been made in the understanding of the pathophysiology of
cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and this has improved the prevention and prognosis of …

Human response to different physiologic stimuli and cardiovascular (CV) adaptation to
various pathologies seem to be gender specific. Sex‐steroid hormones have been …

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), the major cause of morbidity and mortality for both men
and women, occur uncommonly in premenopausal women, but their incidence rises sharply …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in men
and women worldwide. According to the WHO, by 2015, almost 20 million people will die …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading causes of mortality in developed
countries. The incidence of CVD is sexually dimorphic, and research has focused on the …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading determinant of mortality and morbidity in
women. However, a full understanding of the basic and clinical aspects of CVD in women is …

Cardiovascular disease is one of the most common causes of mortality affecting both men
and women in industrialized nations. Sex-related differences have been well established …

The higher cardiovascular risk in men and post-menopausal women implies a protective
action of estrogen. A large number of experimental studies have provided strong support to …

Major differences between men and women exist in epidemiology, manifestation,
pathophysiology, treatment, and outcome of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), such as …