Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin following exposure to UVB radiation or is directly
absorbed from the diet. Following hydroxylation in the liver and kidneys, vitamin D becomes …

Background: Vitamin D is believed to have an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory
action, and its deficiency has been linked with several autoimmune disorders, including …

A large body of evidence highlights the role for vitamin D deficiency/insufficiency in
rheumatic diseases, a group of different pathologies mostly of autoimmune origin. Vitamin D …

In recent years, there has been an increased recognition that vitamin D is not only a risk
factor for poor musculoskeletal health but also a possible important contributor in the …

In addition to being important in calcium and phosphorus metabolism, bone formation, and
mineralization, vitamin D also plays a part in the maintenance of immune homeostasis …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic multifactorial autoimmune disorder. The interactions
between diverse environmental and genetic factors lead to the onset of this complex …

Objective Observational studies have shown that vitamin D levels are inversely related to
rheumatoid arthritis activity, yet evidence from population interventions remains inconsistent …

Calcitriol, or 1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1, 25 (OH) 2D3) is a well-known endocrine regulator
of calcium homeostasis. More recently, local calcitriol production by immune cells was …

Objective Osteoporosis (OP) and increased risk of fracture are relevant features in patients
with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low levels of serum vitamin D are frequently reported and …

Vitamin D is a steroid hormone with potent immune-modulating properties. It has been
shown to stimulate innate immunity and induce immune tolerance. Extensive research …