There are many ways to modulate the immune response in a therapeutic setting. Drugs that
target the proinflammatory mediator IL-1, for instance, can counteract disease in certain …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-1R3 is the co-receptor in three signaling pathways that involve six
cytokines of the IL-1 family (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β and IL-36γ). In many diseases …

Discerning which mediators drive pathogenesis in chronic inflammatory diseases can be
complex: immune cells can release various pathogenic cytokines, and numerous cytokines …

Targeted cytokine inhibition has modified our concepts of the molecular pathogenesis of
chronic inflammatory diseases—instead of sharing a homogeneous molecular …

Abstract Interleukin 6 (IL-6) has a broad effect on cells of the immune system and those not
of the immune system and often displays hormone-like characteristics that affect homeostatic …

Abstract Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has been shown to suppress immune pathologies by
preferentially expanding regulatory T cells (Tregs). However, this therapy has been limited …

A general paradigm in signal transduction is ligand-induced feedback inhibition and the
desensitization of signaling. We found that subthreshold concentrations of interferon-γ (IFN …

If new treatments for immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) are to emerge, then a
radical new approach that moves the field from one that is based on clinical signs and …

Abstract Interleukin (IL)-2 is currently used to enhance T-cell immunity but can have both
positive and negative effects on T cells. To determine whether these opposing results are …

Agents that block the action of specific cytokines have changed the lives of many patients
with rheumatoid arthritis and other autoimmune disorders. But frequent self-injections or …