Smad2 and Smad3 interact and mediate TGF-β signaling. Although Smad3 promotes
fibrosis, the role of Smad2 in fibrogenesis is largely unknown. In this study, conditional …

In progressive kidney diseases, fibrosis represents the common pathway to end-stage
kidney failure. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has …

The mechanism by which TGF-β regulates renal inflammation and fibrosis is largely unclear;
however, it is well accepted that its biological effects are mediated through Smad2 and …

Renal fibrosis is characterized by excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) that
disrupts and replaces functional parenchyma, which leads to organ failure. It is known as the …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a profibrotic cytokine found in chronic renal
diseases, which initiates and modulates a variety of pathophysiological processes. It is …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the most common complications in diabetes mellitus
and the leading cause of end-stage renal disease. TGF-β is a pleiotropic cytokine and has …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is the key player in tissue fibrosis. However,
antifibrotic therapy targeting this multifunctional protein may interfere with other …

Introduction 3. Role of TGF-b and its signaling pathway in kidney diseases 3.1. TGF-b and
Smad signaling in renal fibrosis 3.2. TGF-b and Smad signaling in renal inflammation 4 …

Abstract TGF-β1, via Smad-dependent or Smad-independent signaling, has a central role in
the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. This pathway has been recognized as a potential target …

TGF-β has been shown to play a critical role in anti-inflammation; however, the signaling
mechanisms of TGF-β in anti-inflammatory response remains largely unclear. This study …