The emergence of immune 'checkpoint inhibitors' such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4
(CTLA-4) and programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1) has revolutionized treatment of solid …

Highlights•Immunity against cancer is negatively regulated by lymphocyte surface
receptors.•Cellular immunity against cancer can be unleashed by mAbs acting on such …

The approval of the first immune checkpoint inhibitors provided a paradigm shift for the
treatment of malignancies across a broad range of indications. Whereas initially, single …

Immune responses are regulated by an exquisite system of checks and balances that
enable effective protective immunity and tolerance. A number of immunological checkpoints …

More than 3000 clinical trials are evaluating the clinical activity of the PD-1 checkpoint
inhibitors as monotherapies and in combinations with other cancer therapies [1]. The PD-1 …

The discovery of immune checkpoints and subsequent clinical development of checkpoint
inhibitors have revolutionized the field of oncology. The durability of the antitumor immune …

Immune responses are tightly regulated via signaling through numerous co-stimulatory and
co-inhibitory molecules. Exploitation of these immune checkpoint pathways is one of the …

Immune checkpoint receptors are crucial molecules for fine-tuning immune responses.
Checkpoint signaling dampens T cell activation to avoid autoimmunity and the destructive …

Checkpoint blockade has formally demonstrated that reactivating anti-tumor immune
responses can regress tumors. However, this only occurs in a fraction of patients …

Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or
targeted agents) act directly on tumors to inhibit or destroy them. Along with surgery, these …