The emergence of new infectious diseases poses a major threat to humans, animals, and
broader ecosystems. Defining factors that govern the ability of pathogens to adapt to new …

Mammalian genes and genomes have been shaped by ancient and ongoing challenges
from viruses. These genetic imprints can be identified via evolutionary analyses to reveal …

Infectious diseases and epidemics have always accompanied and characterized human
history, representing one of the main causes of death. Even today, despite progress in …

Host immunity is a major driver of pathogen evolution and thus a major determinant of
pathogen diversity. Explanations for pathogen diversity traditionally assume simple …

Tremendous progress has been achieved in developmental, cellular and molecular
immunology in the past 20 years, largely due to studies using the mouse as a model system …

In their struggle to survive and thrive, all living things must defend themselves from predatory
attack. Microbes, in the form of parasites, bacteria, fungi, and viruses, are life's most …

Vertebrate immune systems suppress viral infection using both innate restriction factors and
adaptive immunity. Viruses mutate to escape these defenses, driving hosts to counterevolve …

The mouse (Mus musculus) is the dominant organism used to investigate the mechanisms
behind complex immunological responses because of their genetic similarity to humans and …

Pathogenic microbes have evolved highly sophisticated mechanisms for colonizing host
tissues and evading or deflecting assault by the immune response. The ability of these …

Current therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections focus on reduction of pathogen
load using antibiotics; however, stimulation of host tolerance to infection in the presence of …