Current therapeutic strategies against bacterial infections focus on reduction of pathogen
load using antibiotics; however, stimulation of host tolerance to infection in the presence of …

The evolution of infectious pathogens in humans proved to be a global health problem.
Technological advancements over the last 50 years have allowed better means of …

A host can evolve two types of defence mechanisms to increase its fitness when challenged
with a pathogen–resistance and tolerance. Immunology is a well-defined field in which we …

Forward genetics is an experimental approach in which gene mapping and positional
cloning are used to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying phenotypic differences …

Signaling pathways shape and transmit the cell's reaction to its changing environment;
however, pathogens can circumvent this response by manipulating host signaling. To …

The immune system is most likely developed to reduce the harmful impact of infections on
the host homeostasis. This defense approach is based on the coordinated activity of innate …

This brief review is dedicated to the legacy of Prof. Jaroslav Šterzl and his colleagues, who
laid the foundation for gnotobiology in the former Czechoslovakia 55 years. Prof. Sterzl …

The ability to manipulate animal hosts as well as bacterial pathogens greatly expands the
utility of in vivo models of infection. For example, the construction of mice that harbor human …

Pathogens that expand host range by shifting to a novel host taxon are a key factor for
diversification and evolution of host–pathogen associations [1]. Such shifts are often also the …

The pathogenesis of infectious agents with human tropism can only be properly studied in
an in vivo model featuring human cells or tissue. Humanized mice represent a small animal …