Immunity against microbial pathogens primarily depends on the recognition of pathogen
components by innate receptors expressed on immune and non-immune cells. Innate …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that
play a central role in host cell recognition and responses to microbial pathogens. TLR …

The lung is in continuous contact with a diverse array of infectious agents, foreign antigens,
and host-derived danger signals. To sample this expansive internal and external milieu …

The respiratory tract is faced daily with 10,000 L of inhaled air. While the majority of air
contains harmless environmental components, the pulmonary immune system also has to …

The innate immune system plays a pivotal role in the first line of host defense against
infections and is equipped with patterns recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize …

The innate immune system is an evolutionally conserved host defense mechanism against
pathogens. Innate immune responses are initiated by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) …

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) initiate innate immunity through pathogen recognition.
Serum PRRs opsonize pathogens for enhanced phagocytic clearance. Toll-like receptors …

Interactions between exposure to ambient air pollutants and respiratory pathogens have
been shown to modify respiratory immune responses. Emerging data suggest key roles for …

The lung is a particularly vulnerable organ at the interface of the body and the exterior
environment. It is constantly exposed to microbes and particles by inhalation. The innate …

Innate immunity is a primordial system that has a primary role in lung antimicrobial defenses.
Recent advances in understanding the recognition systems by which cells of the innate …