Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important cytokine participating in multiple biologic activities in
immune regulation and inflammation. IL-6 has been associated with cardiovascular …

TGF-β signaling plays critical roles in the pathogenesis of aneurysms; however, it is still
unclear whether its role is protective or destructive. In this study, we investigate the role of …

We have previously shown that in the presence of elevated Smad3, transforming growth
factor-β (TGF-β) transforms from an inhibitor to a stimulant of vascular smooth muscle cell …

Ischemia/reperfusion injury is a major cause of myocardial death. In the heart, cardiac
fibroblasts play a critical role in healing post myocardial infarction. TGF-β1 has shown …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is upregulated at the time of arterial injury; however,
the mechanism through which TGF-β enhances the development of intimal hyperplasia is …

Determination of signaling pathways that regulate beta-cell replication is critical for beta-cell
therapy. Here, we show that blocking pancreatic macrophage infiltration after pancreatic …

Myocardial infarction (MI) is a major form of heart disease that leads to immediate
cardiomyocyte death due to ischemia and eventually fibrosis and scar formation and further …

Rationale: Aortic aneurysm is a life-threatening cardiovascular disorder caused by the
predisposition for dissection and rupture. Genetic studies have proved the involvement of …

Transforming growth factor-β1 is essential to maintain T cell homeostasis, as illustrated by
multiorgan inflammation in mice deficient in TGF-β1 signaling. Despite the physiological …

Angiotensin II (angiotensin) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 play an important role
in cardiac fibrosis. We examined Smad proteins in 8-wk post-myocardial infarction (MI) rat …