Context: In animal models, estrogen inhibits atherogenesis by inhibiting many of the early
steps of atherosclerotic plaque formation. However, the lack of cardioprotective effect by …

Endothelial cells provide an antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory barrier for the normal
vessel wall. Dysfunction of endothelial cells has been shown to promote atherosclerosis …

Vascular endothelial cell (EC) integrity is key to arterial health; endothelial dysfunction is
linked to atherogenesis. Atherosclerosis shows a male preponderance, possibly related to …

Studies of the effects of estrogen replacement therapy on coronary heart disease risk have
produced conflicting results. We hypothesize that this may be explained by differences in the …

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of estrogen (E) on vascular apoptosis during
atherosclerotic plaque formation. DESIGN: Laboratory study using a murine atherosclerosis …

The inhibitory effects of estrogen (17β-estradiol) on atherosclerosis have been well
documented in numerous animal models, and epidemiological evidence supports this …

Background—Estrogen replacement attenuates the increased risk of cardiovascular disease
in postmenopausal women. Recent studies using an in vitro culture system have shown that …

Apoptosis induced by oxidized low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL) and tumor necrosis factor-α
(TNF-α) is believed to contribute to atherosclerosis and vascular dysfunction. Estrogen …

2-Methoxyestradiol (2-ME) is an endogenous metabolite of estradiol-17β and the oral
contraceptive agent 17-ethylestradiol. 2-ME was recently reported to inhibit endothelial cell …

Whereas hormonal replacement/menopause therapy (HRT) in post-menopausal women
increases the coronary artery risk, epidemiological studies (protection in pre-menopaused …