Recent studies show that cancer cells are sometimes able to evade the host immunity in the
tumor microenvironment. Cancer cells can express high levels of immune inhibitory …

Recently, an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the host
response to tumors has led to the identification of checkpoint signaling pathways involved in …

Cancer cells can evade the attack from host immune systems via hijacking the regulatory
circuits mediated by immune checkpoints. Therefore, reactivating the antitumor immunity by …

Expression of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is frequently observed in human
cancers. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptor PD-1 on activated T cells inhibits anti-tumor …

The immunosuppressive molecule programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is frequently
upregulated in human cancers. Binding of PD-L1 to its receptor, programmed death-1 (PD …

The engagement of programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1; encoded by the PDCD1 gene)
receptor expressed on activated T cells and its ligand, programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1; …

Cancer immunotherapy is presently one of the areas in which major medical breakthroughs
are being witnessed, with impressive results reported by several groups. Recently, three …

Abstract Checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligands (PD-Ls)
have been identified as negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune …

The molecular mechanisms underlying cancer immune escape are a core topic in cancer
immunology research. Cancer cells can escape T cell-mediated cellular cytotoxicity by …

The ability of tumor cells to avoid immune destruction (immune escape) as well as their
acquired resistance to anti-cancer drugs constitute important barriers to the successful …