Although cancer progression is primarily driven by the expansion of tumor cells, the tumor
microenvironment and anti-tumor immunity also play important roles. Herein, we consider …

Mounting evidence suggests that radiation stimulates the immune system and this
contributes to the abscopal effect, which is defined as “response at a distance from the …

Radiotherapy of cancer has been traditionally considered as a local therapy without
noticeable effects outside the irradiated fields. However, ionizing radiation exerts multiple …

The combination of radiation and immunotherapy is currently an exciting avenue of pre-
clinical and clinical investigation. The synergy between these two treatment modalities has …

Radiotherapy is generally considered to be a local treatment, but there have been reports of
rare cases demonstrating abscopal effects in which antitumor effects have been observed in …

The abscopal effect is a systemic immune response mediated by the effects of radiation on
the immune system. This effect has been observed in a number of cancer types in addition to …

With the recent success of checkpoint inhibitors and other immunomodulating agents, there
has been renewed interest in the combination of such agents with radiation. The biologic …

Radiotherapy (RT) is used routinely as a standard treatment for more than 50% of patients
with malignant tumors. The abscopal effect induced by local RT, which is considered as a …

In the era of cancer immunotherapy, there is significant interest in combining conventional
cancer therapies, such as radiotherapy, with drugs that stimulate the immune system. The …

Over the past several months, new examples of the abscopal effects of radiation therapy
have added to the existing literature on this subject and have demonstrated an association …