… Furthermore, the experimental, in vivo confirmation of the resistance status of the parasites
(… status of the parasites involved in any resistance-suspected case of heartworm infection. …

… immitis subpopulations based on drug resistance status we used Discriminant Analysis of
Principal Components (DAPC) as implemented in the R package adegenet (Jombart, 2008; …

… We directly tested whether resistance to MLs exists in LOE isolates of D. immitis and
identified genetic markers that are correlated with, and therefore can predict ML resistance. ML …

… We propose that this case be defined as a drug-resistant heartworm infection and suggest
that a simple assay for the existence of resistant parasites is a 7-day microfilariae suppression …

… Dirofilaria immitis has a worldwide distribution but is most prevalent in warm/humid areas, …
Dirofilaria immitis belongs to the superfamily Filarioidea (meaning thread-like) and is …

… Strains of Dirofilaria immitis suspected of lack of efficacy (LOE) to macrocyclic lactone (ML) …
If proven, and not controlled in the early stages, the emergence of ML drug resistance …

… The data show phenotypic and genotypic evidence of ML resistance in Dirofilaria immitis. …
immitis in USA. A survey of the prevalence of ML resistance is needed. In this regard, the …

… SNPs associated with ML resistance, based on the phenotype of MF response to a microfilaricidal
ML, which can be used to characterize the resistance status of parasites presenting in …

… resistant parasites remains unknown. We review published studies that demonstrated resistance
in D.immitis… Efforts to develop in vitro tests for resistance have not yet yielded a suitable …

… ) host to non-permissive status by preventing heartworms from eluding the immune response.
… of ML-resistant heartworms is determining whether the resistant genotype underlying this …