… comprehension of small OO programs by novices. To this end, we compare novices
comprehension of OO and procedural programs … is an existing literature about comprehension in …

… Novice programmers should develop program comprehension skills as they learn to code
so … This work takes a little-explored perspective on the comprehension of small programs by …

… These results strongly support the view that comprehension of small programs by novices
is developed largely from the bottom-up. We found support for the notion that the nature of …

… comprehend even small programs. Simon and Snowdon [1] observed that many novices fail
to determine the purpose of a small … a significant impact on the program comprehension [2, 3]…

… The objective was to compare the mental representations formed by novices of small
programs that differed only in the presence or absence of classes, objects, and encapsulation. …

… investigated the comprehension by novices of small programs written in … comprehension of
the programs and, in particular, to compare the mental representations and comprehension of …

… or broken into smaller pieces to reduce complexity is an important ability that instructional
designers should put into practice. Novice understanding of programs has been explored from …

… that novice comprehension is facilitated by a sequential or control flow view of the program
… It should be noted that this study dealt only with small programs and novice programmers. …

… of several threats to validity (beyond the small sample size, likely a result of running the …
taught to avoid the novice patterns in the first course of the programming-intensive sequence. …

… As we target novices in our study, the programs given are small and familiar to students.
Hence, we scope the user study to the first four levels: statement, block, module and …