This review provides an updated perspective on rapidly proliferating efforts to harness
extracellular vesicles (EVs) for therapeutic applications. We summarize current knowledge,
emerging strategies, and open questions pertaining to clinical potential and translation.
Potentially useful EVs comprise diverse products of various cell types and species. EV
components may also be combined with liposomes and nanoparticles to facilitate
manufacturing as well as product safety and evaluation. Potential therapeutic cargoes …

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of human death worldwide. Drug thrombolysis,
percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting and other methods are
used to restore blood perfusion for coronary artery stenosis and blockage. The treatments
listed prolong lifespan, however, rate of mortality ultimately remains the same. This is due to
the irreversible damage sustained by myocardium, in which millions of heart cells are lost
during myocardial infarction. The lack of pragmatic methods of myocardial restoration …