… In conclusion, the data reviewed here suggest an involvement of the glial reaction and
inflammatory processes in the progression of neuronal degeneration in parkinsonian syndromes. …

… Since glia are the main generators of these processes, the possibility that PD may be caused
by glial dysfunction needs to be considered. This review concentrates on glial reactions in …

… whether brain glia are activated when fecal SCFAs increase abnormally. Thus, we
measured the interactional activities between dopaminergic neurons and brain glia, including …

… In this context, the glial reaction observed in neurodegenerative … that glial cells are involved
in the selective de generation of dopaminergic neurons by inducing an in flammatory reaction…

We investigated the role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the onset of neuronal and glial …
, an intense immunoreactivity to TNF-α was observed in neurons and glial cells in the lesion …

… Under physiological conditions, microglia synthesize and release trophic factors; however,
as soon as there is a functional disturbance of any kind in the CNS, microglia react, proliferate…

… on TNF-α in glial cells (Fig. 4A) and LPS-induced TNF-α elevation in coculture glial cells was
… However, honokiol significantly suppressed LPS-induced TNF-α elevation in coculture glial …

… We report that TNF-α and IL-1β directly evoke acute cell death in RON glia, with the degree
… not found to cause acute glial cell death. Combined IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α exposure did not …

… Specifically, the LPS-induced release of TNF-α and IL-1β from cultivated rat microglia was
… This means that those cytokines, which tend to stimulate a cascading glial reaction, are …

… study was to evaluate changes in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and TNF-α receptor 1 (p55
receptor) using double fluorescent immunohistochemistry in glial and neural cells in the …