… vesicle proteins cooperate to mediate toxin binding to the presynaptic terminal. The differential
distribution of synaptic vesicle protein receptors, gangliosides and toxin … botulinum toxins …

… the specific activity of botulinum neurotoxins used in this study. This assay is the only
procedure approved by the FDA to detect the presence of botulinum toxins, and no alternative in …

… To establish the level of pHrodo fluorescence lost during vesicle recycling upon stimulation,
… their activity-dependent uptake into recycling synaptic vesicles, then washed and imaged …

… stimulates synaptic vesicle membrane fusion (2). BoNT/A interacts with the exposed receptor
complex, stimulating synaptic vesicle recycling (3). Recycled synaptic vesicles are acidified …

… Following retrieval from the plasma membrane, recycling vesicles become acidified again
by means of the vacuolar proton pump (V-ATPase). This results in incorporation of the N-…

… BoNT/A interacts with the exposed receptor complex, stimulating synaptic vesicle recycling
(3). Recycled synaptic vesicles are acidified through the activity of the v-ATPase (4). Vesicle …

… vesicle-trafficking machines. Neurotransmitter release from these terminals is sustained by
constant local recycling of synaptic vesicles … Key events during the synaptic vesicle cycle—…

… botulinum neurotoxin A is unique in that the toxin-induced block in exocytosis does not arrest
vesicle … Vesicles recycled in concert with synaptic activity become labeled with FM1-43, and …

… -endocytotic synaptic vesicle recycling upon depolarization with … toxin as a punctate staining
along the neurites of the NT2 neurons. Using well-established methods of synaptic vesicle …

… that BoNT/D uses synaptic vesicle recycling to enter neurons. Using BoNT/D-HCR as bait,
we identified synaptic vesicle protein SV2 as the toxin binding protein. Utilizing hippocampal …