Opioid addicts are more likely to present with infections suggesting opioids are immune
modulators. The potential sites/mechanism (s) for this modulation are controversial and on …

Systemically administered opioids are among the most powerful analgesics for treating
severe pain. Several negative side effects (respiratory depression, addiction, nausea and …

The impact of opioid drug treatment on immunity may be a new safety concern for the
physician. Although many advances have been made in understanding the effects of opioid …

Opioid receptors and their ligands produce powerful analgesia that is effective in
perioperative period and chronic pain managements accompanied with various side effects …

This review provides an overview of the immunological effects of commonly used analgesic
opioid drugs, focusing mainly on two aspects: the mechanisms involved and the potential …

The idea that opioids modulate the immune system is not new. By the late 19th century,
Cantacuzene, used morphine to suppress cellular immunity and lower the resistance of …

Endogenous opioids are synthesized in vivo to modulate pain mechanisms and
inflammatory pathways. Endogenous and exogenous opioids mediate analgesia in …

Opioid-induced immunosuppression has been demonstrated in cell culture experiments and
in animal models. This is in striking contrast to the paucity of confirmatory studies in humans …

Opioids (exogenous opiates and endogenous opioid peptides) have a diversity of effects on
the immune system. Although numerous studies have shown that opioid-induced …

Opioid compounds such as morphine produce powerful analgesia that is effective in treating
various types of pain. In addition to their therapeutic efficacy, opioids can produce several …