There is now compelling evidence, coming both from animal and human studies that an
early exposure to undernutrition is frequently associated with low birth weight and programs …

The intrauterine environment supports the development and health of offspring.
Perturbations to this environment can have detrimental effects on the fetus that have …

Decades of fetal programming research indicates that we may be able to map the origins of
many physical, psychological, and medical variations and morbidities before the birth of the …

Since life emerged on the Earth, the development of efficient strategies to cope with sudden
and/or permanent changes of the environment has been virtually the unique goal pursued …

Sub-optimal nutrition during pregnancy has been shown to have long-term effects on the
health of offspring in both humans and animals. The most common outcomes of such …

It has long been established that an adverse maternal condition impacts on the developing
fetus and predisposes the offspring to develop metabolic and cardiovascular disease in later …

Early–intrauterine–environmental factors are linked to the development of cardiovascular
disease in later life. Traditionally, these factors are considered to be maternal factors such as …

It is now widely recognised that the environment in early life can have important effects on
human growth and development, including the “programming” of far reaching effects on the …

Intrauterine stress induces increased risk of adult disease through fetal programming
mechanisms. Oxidative stress can be generated by several conditions, such as, prenatal …

Background There is much evidence to suggest that risk for common clinical disorders
begins in foetal life. Exposure to environmental risk factors however is often not random …