This chapter reviews the expression and regulation of opioid receptors in sensory neurons
and the interactions of these receptors with endogenous and exogenous opioid ligands …

Potent and clinically significant analgesic effects can be brought about by opioids acting
outside the central nervous system. Injury and inflammation of peripheral tissues leads to …

In peripheral inflamed tissue interactions between leukocyte-derived opioid peptides and
opioid receptors on sensory neurons lead to potent, clinically relevant inhibition of pain …

It is accepted that inflammatory mediators released from leukocytes contribute to the
generation of pain. However, it is less well known that immune cells also produce mediators …

When tissue is destroyed or invaded by leukocytes in inflammation, numerous mediators are
delivered by the circulation and/or liberated from resident and immigrated cells at the site …

Peripheral mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. In peripheral inflamed
tissue, an interaction between immune-cell-derived opioids and opioid receptors localized …

Classically, pain sensation or suppression has been attributed exclusively to neuronal
circuits. This review challenges this notion and presents an expanded concept about the …

Opioids are major modulators in the nervous system. They modulate synaptic transmission
in nociceptive (pain-sensing) pathways and inhibit the responses of dorsal horn neurons to …

This review summarizes recent findings on neuro-immune mechanisms underlying opioid-
mediated inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues …

The interaction of immune cell-derived opioid peptides with opioid receptors on peripheral
terminals of primary afferent (sensory) neurons is one of the most extensively investigated …