The field of pharmacologic addiction treatment is expanding rapidly. While there are
currently several FDA-approved medications for nicotine, alcohol, and opiate dependence …

Drug addiction is a brain disorder caused by the repetitive use of various chemicals which
alter normal functioning of the central nervous system with consequent behavioral …

All drugs of abuse have been shown to act either directly or indirectly by increasing
dopamine neurotransmission within the limbic system. Thus, alcohol has been shown to …

Drugs of abuse have very different acute mechanisms of action but converge on the brain's
reward pathways by producing a series of common functional effects after both acute and …

The conceptualization of drug addiction as a compulsive disorder with excessive drug intake
and loss of control over intake requires motivational mechanisms. Opponent process as a …

The neurobiology of drug addiction is being clarified. Research is revealing the anatomic
pathways of primary drug reinforcement (reward) in the brain and the molecular architecture …

Experimental manipulation of dopamine (DA) transmission by lesions and drugs indicates a
role in the acquisition and expression of behavior motivated by conventional and drug …

Repeated drug use can change dopamine (DA) function in ways that promote the
development and persistence of addiction, but in what direction? By one view, drug use …

In the words of the late Charles Flaherty, reward comparison is commonplace. Rats and
humans, it appears, compare all rewards and this capacity probably contributes to our ability …

V AA uthor Man uscript creating phenotypical risk for pathological expression [1]. One of
these created phenotypes involves the molecular rearrangement of known base pairs sitting …