Apoptosis is a genetically controlled and evolutionarily conserved form of cell death of
critical importance for normal embryonic development and for the maintenance of tissue …

Multiple drug resistance (multidrug resistance; MDR), a phenomenon whereby human
tumours that acquire resistance to one type of therapy are found to be resistant to several …

The explosion of interest in apoptosis amongst cancer biologists has been underpinned by
the hope that a mechanistic understanding of cell death will inform our understanding of …

Intrinsic (innate) and acquired (adaptive) resistance to chemotherapy critically limits the
outcome of cancer treatments. For many years, it was assumed that the interaction of a drug …

Resistance to chemotherapy limits the effectiveness of anti‐cancer drug treatment. Tumours
may be intrinsically drug‐resistant or develop resistance to chemotherapy during treatment …

Curative cancer therapy remains a major challenge particularly in cancers displaying
multidrug resistance (MDR). The MDR phenotype is characterized by cross-resistance to a …

Background The development of resistance is a problem shared by both classical
chemotherapy and targeted therapy. Patients may respond well at first, but relapse is …

Multi-drug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells, either intrinsic or acquired through various
mechanisms, significantly hinders the therapeutic efficacy of drugs. Typically, the reduced …

Cancer drug resistance is a complex, dynamic, and “elusive” system rather than merely a
matter of some drug-resistant factors. Current pharmacological approaches aim to restore …

One of the hallmarks of human cancers is the intrinsic or acquired resistance to apoptosis.
Evasion of apoptosis can be part of a cellular stress response to ensure the cell′ s survival …