The most common mood disorders are major depressive disorders and bipolar disorders
(BD). The pathophysiology of BD is complex, multifactorial, and not fully understood …

Clinical studies over the past decades have attempted to uncover the biological factors
mediating the pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD) utilizing a variety of biochemical and …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic and progressive psychiatric illness characterized by mood
oscillations, with episodes of mania and depression. The impact of BD on patients can be …

Bipolar disorder is a heterogeneous condition with myriad clinical manifestations and many
comorbidities leading to severe disabilities in the biopsychosocial realm. The objective of …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic psychiatric illness described by severe changes in mood.
Extensive research has been carried out to understand the aetiology and pathophysiology of …

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a chronic mental illness characterized by changes in mood that
alternate between mania and hypomania or between depression and mixed states, often …

There is now strong evidence of progressive neuropathological processes in bipolar
disorder (BD). On this basis, the current understanding of the neurobiology of BD has shifted …

This work provides an overview of the most consistent alterations in bipolar disorder (BD),
attempting to unify them in an internally coherent working model of the pathophysiology of …

Dissecting trait neurobiological abnormalities in bipolar disorder (BD) from those
characterizing episodes of mood disturbance will help elucidate the aetiopathogenesis of …

The underlying pathophysiology of bipolar disorder is a continually evolving complexity of
multilayer interacting and independent systems. The dearth of adequate preclinical or …