Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …

Abstract Nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) is an opioid‐related peptide that is markedly up‐
regulated in sensory neurons in vivo following peripheral inflammation and plays a key role …

Opioids are the most commonly used and effective analgesic treatments for severe pain, but
they have recently come under scrutiny owing to epidemic levels of abuse and overdose …

Vastly stimulated by the discovery of opioid receptors in the early 1970s, preclinical and
clinical research was directed at the study of stereoselective neuronal actions of opioids …

Although the role of opiates and opioids in the physiological and pathological function of the
immune system is only beginning to be unraveled, converging lines of evidence indicate that …

The advance in our understanding of the biogenesis of various endogenous opioid
peptides, their anatomical distribution, and the characteristics of the multiple receptors with …

Key points μ‐Opioid receptors (MORs) are expressed peripherally and centrally, but the loci
of MORs responsible for clinically relevant opioid analgesia are uncertain. Crossing …

It is accepted that inflammatory mediators released from leukocytes contribute to the
generation of pain. However, it is less well known that immune cells also produce mediators …

Opioids can produce potent analgesia by activating opioid receptors outside the central
nervous system, thus avoiding centrally mediated unwanted effects. Peripheral opioid …

The analgesic effects of leukocyte-derived opioids have been exclusively demonstrated for
somatic inflammatory pain, for example, the pain associated with surgery and arthritis …