Chronic pain affects over 1.5 billion people worldwide and decreases activity to diminish
people's quality‐of‐life. Traditional opioids (eg, morphine) are the gold standards for treating …

Background The analgesic properties and mechanisms of loperamide hydrochloride, a
peripherally acting opioid receptor agonist, in neuropathic pain warrant further investigation …

Loperamide: From antidiarrheal to analgesic Page 1 Loperamide is a piperidine derivative
opioid ligand that selectively activates peripheral opioid receptors without entering the CNS …

Plantar incision in rat generates spontaneous pain behaviour. The opioid drug, morphine
used to treat postsurgical pain produces tolerance after long-term administration …

The antihyperalgesic properties of the opiate antidiarrheal agent loperamide (ADL 2-1294)
were investigated in a variety of inflammatory pain models in rodents. Loperamide exhibited …

Peripherally acting opioids are potentially attractive drugs for the clinical management of
certain chronic pain states due to the lack of centrally mediated adverse effects. However, it …

Chronic pain affects approximately one-third of the population worldwide. The primary goal
of animal research is to understand the neural mechanisms underlying pain so better …

Background Loperamide is a potent mu opioid receptor agonist available over the counter to
treat diarrhea. Although at therapeutic doses loperamide is devoid of central effects, it may …

Traditional pain‐evoked tests (eg, hot plate and tail withdrawal tests) do not mimic the
disruptive effects of pain on daily life, a primary outcome measure used for pain in humans …

The failure to develop analgesic drugs is attributed not only to the complex and diverse
pathophysiology of pain in humans but also to the poor experimental design and poor …