A comprehensive study on face recognition biases beyond demographics

P Terhörst, JN Kolf, M Huber… - … on Technology and …, 2021 - ieeexplore.ieee.org
IEEE Transactions on Technology and Society, 2021ieeexplore.ieee.org
Face recognition (FR) systems have a growing effect on critical decision-making processes.
Recent works have shown that FR solutions show strong performance differences based on
the user's demographics. However, to enable a trustworthy FR technology, it is essential to
know the influence of an extended range of facial attributes on FR beyond demographics.
Therefore, in this work, we analyze FR bias over a wide range of attributes. We investigate
the influence of 47 attributes on the verification performance of two popular FR models. The …
Face recognition (FR) systems have a growing effect on critical decision-making processes. Recent works have shown that FR solutions show strong performance differences based on the user’s demographics. However, to enable a trustworthy FR technology, it is essential to know the influence of an extended range of facial attributes on FR beyond demographics. Therefore, in this work, we analyze FR bias over a wide range of attributes. We investigate the influence of 47 attributes on the verification performance of two popular FR models. The experiments were performed on the publicly available MAAD-Face attribute database with over 120M high-quality attribute annotations. To prevent misleading statements about biased performances, we introduced control group-based validity values to decide if unbalanced test data causes the performance differences. The results demonstrate that also many nondemographic attributes strongly affect recognition performance, such as accessories, hairstyles and colors, face shapes, or facial anomalies. The observations of this work show the strong need for further advances in making the FR system more robust, explainable, and fair. Moreover, our findings might help to a better understanding of how FR networks work, enhance the robustness of these networks, and develop more generalized bias-mitigating FR solutions.
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