Marine impact pile driving generates very high underwater sound pressures, which can
harm aquatic life. Environmental assessments for pile driving projects typically require
advance estimates of acoustic impact zones for marine mammals and fish. Models of peak
and rms sound pressure level (SPL) and sound exposure level (SEL) from planned pile
driving activities are needed to predict these zones. Although practical spreading loss
models are widely applied in environmental assessments (ICF Jones & Stokes and …