The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that performs multiple
functions, such as lipid biosynthesis, protein folding, and maintaining intracellular calcium
homeostasis. Thus, conditions wherein the ER is unable to fold proteins is defined as ER
stress, and an inbuilt quality control mechanism, called the unfolded protein response
(UPR), is activated during ER stress, which serves as a recovery system that inhibits protein
synthesis. Further, based on the severity of ER stress, the response could involve both …