… a language. As a major approach, language modeling has been widely studied for language
… evolving from statistical language models to neural language models. Recently, pre-trained …

… In this review and tutorial article, our primary objective is to explore, learn, and … language
models across various domains. We delve into the working principles of language models, …

… This paper serves as the first comprehensive survey on the evaluation of large language
models. As depicted in Fig. 1, we explore existing work in three dimensions: 1) What to evaluate…

… LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS In this section we start with a review of early pre-trained
neural language models as they are the base of LLMs, and then focus our discussion on three …

… as language models with powerful language understanding capacity). Meanwhile, the
emergence of large language models (… language processing due to their remarkable language …

… Early language models, such as n-gram models [7], were based on simple statistical …
these big data with complex algorithms, has led to the development of large language models. …

… Let us consider a scenario where we have a language model and we input a speciic text
into the model. The model then produces a classiication output, such as sentiment classiication …

… survey, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of alignment technologies for large
language models… Through this survey, we aim to provide an overview of the current state of LLM …

… paradigms, we categorize the current studies of large language model recommendations
into three distinct schools of thought. Any existing method can be fittingly placed within these …

… Language modeling (LM), where the model learns to predict a word given its context (often, …
using this pre-trained model as a resource. While leveraging language modeling as a pre-…