The burden of chronic inflammatory diseases of joints and the spine is increasing with
population ageing and unhealthy lifestyles. Articular cartilage and intervertebral discs (IVDs)
are avascular and aneural tissues with abundant extracellular matrix, low cell density, and
reduced regenerative capacity after damage or degeneration. The most advanced in vitro
and ex vivo cell‐/tissue‐/biomaterial‐based models and technologies to improve
physiological mimicry are discussed, focusing on the impact of inflammation on articular …