… decide which platform to join. We characterize the equilibrium when platforms manage user
… We explore the effects of platform entry, a change of incumbent platforms’ quality under free …

… A few large platforms increasingly act as gatekeepers … In this paper, we concentrate on those
digital platforms whose business … Proposition 1 captures a strategic asymmetry between the …

… Bertrand oligopoly outcome that allows a high-cost platform … We find that some level of
inter-platform asymmetry in costs is … to maintain a given membership share on each platform. …

… The pricing problems of payment and advertising platforms … other side of the market, the
platform’s pricing and marketing … : Platforms are price setters (monopolistic or oligopolistic) on …

… case, we study how asymmetric information sharing affects oligopoly pricing. Empirically, …
asymmetry and fee setting on a platform complements our study of horizontal asymmetry, which …

… : without it, we would have asymmetric information between platforms and/or sellers which
… our set-up and extend the analysis to a world were platforms have asymmetric information. …

… : platform providers first make offers to a set of oligopolistic … the platform; firms then
simultaneously choose which platform to … allowing for multihoming and asymmetric firms is beyond …

… online advertising for multi-oligopoly enterprises. Specifically, by … in symmetrical,
semisymmetric, and asymmetric cases. We then … countries and online advertising platforms. …

… Our setting shares some of the same features but in an oligopoly environment where sellers
… This suggests that some degree of information asymmetry—revealing some additional …

… platform; a model of competing platforms where agents join a single … Given (8), one can
check that there are no asymmetric … space exclusively to one firm from the producer oligopoly. …