… The findings from this study will have great implications on the management practices in oil
palm cultivation. We also recommended a number of appropriate measures to improve
biodiversity conservation in oil palm production areas based on our findings and gleaned from
published literature. … We suggest six general recommendations which could help in
enhancing avian biodiversity in oil palm production areas. These recommendations are based
partly on our own results, extensive field experience and references to the relevant literature …

Our study demonstrated the persistence of avian biodiversity in established oil palm
production areas. Here, the empirical evidence on avian species richness reflects explicitly
that oil palm production areas are not merely a'green biological desert'. We investigated the
relationships between bird species richness and different management regimes (plantations
vs. smallholdings) and vegetation characteristics in 30 oil palm areas in the states of
Selangor, Perak, Negeri Sembilan and Pahang. We recorded 72 bird species, comprising …