The bioeconomy is generally conceived as an economy based on land-and marine-based
natural resources including eco-system services and biowaste. The dominant research has
focused on the resource approach, ie the supply of different biomass products and services.
Less emphasis has been put on the products and services stemming from the bioresources
and the value differences these may have for individual entrepreneurs, for circular economy
clusters or for municipalities and regions. This article is a first attempt for a more …