Air travel demand has continued to increase rapidly over the past decade, causing severe
flight delays. To reduce such delays, Air Navigation Service Providers need to first
understand the operational capacity and congestion risks associated with a network, and
then develop strategies accordingly. However, limited studies have been conducted due to
lack of data. New opportunities have arisen given the availability of large-scale aircraft
tracking data and many other digitalized records of operations. In response, we develop a …