This study examined possible mitigation and adaptation measures in small-scale fisheries, aquaculture and the fishing communities in Nigeria to cope with the impact of climate change. It is recognized that mitigation measures in fisheries are limited but must consider possible options on the inputs, equipments and methods employed in fishing and fish processing activities. Several opportunities for adaptation options in the country's artisanal fisheries and aquaculture and by the fishing communities, to reduce their vulnerability to climate change impacts and protect the livelihoods and food security have been identified. The areas of research on climate change to enhance knowledge on the socio-economic, biological and ecological impacts and to guide decision on mitigation and adaptation measures, in fisheries and aquaculture and the fishing communities, are also outlined. Proper integration of fisheries and aquaculture into the national policy on climate change and the political will for implementation are key to effective climate change mitigation and adaptation to ensure sustainable fisheries and to protect the livelihoods and food security in the country.